Get Quote Now

CALL US NOW

+44 7361560931

Whatsapp: +44 7361560931

info@kingyork.co.uk

info@kingyork.co.uk

+44 7361560931

IV Fluids

Intravenous (IV) fluids are sterile solutions administered directly into a patient's vein. They serve several vital purposes in healthcare:

- IV fluids are used to prevent or treat dehydration. They can provide hydration when a patient is unable to drink enough on their own.

- IV fluids help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. Common electrolytes in IV solutions include sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium.

- IV fluids can replenish blood volume and pressure. They are given to patients experiencing significant blood loss from injury, surgery, or illness.

- Medications can be delivered intravenously when needed rapidly or over an extended time. IV fluids serve as the diluent and delivery method.

- Nutrients like glucose or amino acids can be provided through IV fluids when a patient has trouble eating or digesting food.

The most common types of IV fluids are crystalloids and colloids. Crystalloids like normal saline or lactated Ringer's contain electrolytes and resemble plasma. Colloids contain larger molecules to help retain fluid in the circulatory system.

IV fluid therapy is used across healthcare settings, from routine surgical procedures to intensive care. The choice of IV fluid depends on the patient's condition and treatment needs. With careful administration, IV fluids can stabilize patients and enable recovery.

dextrose 250ml

sodium chlorid 500ml

'iv fluid', 'dextrose iv fluid', 'metronidazole iv fluid', 'dextrose iv fluid'

Dextrose infusion 250ml

IV Fluid Manufacturing Process

IV fluids are sterile solutions produced in pharmaceutical facilities under strict quality control. The main components of IV fluids include water, electrolytes like sodium, chloride, potassium, and lactate, and sometimes dextrose (sugar).

The manufacturing process involves several key steps:

- **Water Purification**:

Pharmaceutical grade water is purified through filtration, reverse osmosis, distillation, and deionization to remove impurities. This provides a sterile water source.

- **Mixing**:

The purified water is mixed with the electrolytes, nutrients, and other components in specific proportions according to the IV fluid recipe. This is done in hygienic stainless steel mixing vessels.

- **Sterilization**:

The final solution is sterilized by passing it through a filter of 0.22 micron pore size to remove all microorganisms and impurities.

- **Filling and Sealing**:

The sterilized IV fluid is filled into plastic bags or glass bottles using automated filling machines in a sterile environment. The containers are then hermetically sealed

- **Inspection and Packaging**:

The final IV fluid-filled containers are visually inspected for integrity and specifications. Sample testing is also conducted. Approved units are packaged and labeled for distribution.

Throughout the process, stringent quality control and environmental monitoring is maintained per good manufacturing practices (GMP). Personnel wear protective clothing in sterile areas and regularly sanitize equipment. Each batch is checked to ensure it meets purity, composition, and sterility standards before release. Proper aseptic methods and audits ensure product quality and patient safety.

'iv fluid', 'dextrose iv fluid', 'metronidazole iv fluid', 'dextrose iv fluid'

Dextrose infusion 1000ml

dextrose 250ml

dextrose infusion 250ml

Types of IV Fluids

Intravenous (IV) fluids can be divided into two main categories - crystalloids and colloids.

Crystalloids

Crystalloids are aqueous solutions containing mineral ions that freely move between the intravascular and interstitial spaces. The most commonly used crystalloid IV fluids are:

- Saline solution - Contains sodium chloride in water. Normal saline (0.9% NaCl) is isotonic and most commonly used for fluid resuscitation.

- Dextrose solution - Contains dextrose (glucose) in water. Provides free water and carbohydrate calories.

- Ringer's solution

- Contains sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride. Replaces lost electrolytes and is useful in treating acidosis. The most common type is lactated Ringer's solution which also contains lactate.

Colloids

Colloids contain larger molecules that do not readily leave the intravascular space. Examples include:

- Albumin - Contains the protein albumin obtained from human blood. Expands plasma volume and useful in treating shock or burns.

- Dextran - Contains polysaccharides that act as plasma expanders.

- Hetastarch - Contains hydroxyethyl starch, also used as a plasma volume expander.

Colloids are useful for providing rapid intravascular volume expansion in cases like hemorrhagic shock. However, they are more expensive than crystalloids. Crystalloids like normal saline are generally used more frequently for routine IV fluid administration.

Additives and Nutrients

Intravenous fluids contain more than just water. Various additives and nutrients are included to make the solutions safe and effective.

Electrolytes

The main electrolytes added to IV fluids are sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and bicarbonate. These electrolytes help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

- Sodium helps regulate blood volume and blood pressure.

- Potassium is critical for nerve conduction and muscle contraction.

- Calcium is vital for bone health and muscle function.

- Chloride works with sodium to maintain normal pH.

- Bicarbonate acts as a buffer to regulate acidity.

The concentrations of electrolytes are carefully balanced based on the intended use of the IV fluid.

Vitamins and Nutrients

In addition to electrolytes, IV fluids may contain vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and other nutrients.

- Vitamins like B-complex and C support wound healing and immune function.

- Amino acids provide nutrition for patients unable to take anything by mouth.

- Glucose provides carbohydrate calories and helps prevent low blood sugar.

These additives help meet patients' nutritional needs during illness or surgery when normal eating is not possible. They are especially important for critically ill patients.

Reasons for Adding to IV Fluids

The main reasons electrolytes, vitamins and nutrients are added to IV fluids are:

- Replace electrolyte losses from vomiting, diarrhea or bleeding

- Provide nutrition when oral intake is inadequate

- Boost wound healing and immune function

- Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance

- Prevent complications like low blood sugar or muscle weakness

- Support metabolic processes during illness or surgery

In summary, additives tailor IV fluids to the specific medical needs of patients. They make intravenous therapy more safe and clinically effective.

dextrose 250ml

sodium chlorid 500ml

'iv fluid', 'dextrose iv fluid', 'metronidazole iv fluid', 'dextrose iv fluid'

Dextrose infusion 250ml

Storage and Handling

IV fluids require careful storage and handling to maintain sterility and efficacy.

Storage Temperature and Conditions

Most IV fluids should be stored at controlled room temperature, between 20-25°C (68-77°F). Avoid freezing or exposure to extreme heat, as this can damage the solution. The storage area should be clean, dry, and well-ventilated.

Light Sensitivity

IV fluids in plastic containers are sensitive to ultraviolet light. Exposure can result in the generation of peroxides and other potentially toxic degradation products. Storage containers or overwraps should protect solutions from light.

'iv fluid', 'dextrose iv fluid', 'metronidazole iv fluid', 'dextrose iv fluid'

Dextrose infusion 1000ml

dextrose 250ml

dextrose infusion 250ml

Shelf Life

The shelf life depends on the specific IV fluid, but is typically around 1-2 years. The expiration date should be clearly labeled on the packaging. Solutions should not be used after the printed expiration date.

Proper Handling

Strict aseptic technique must be used when handling IV fluids to prevent contamination. Hands should be thoroughly washed and protective gloves worn. Containers should be carefully inspected for damage, cloudiness, or particulates before use. Once the protective cap is removed, the port should be disinfected with alcohol prior to inserting an administration set spike.

Administration Methods

There are several ways that IV fluids can be administered to patients. The most common methods include:

Gravity Drip

A gravity drip uses the force of gravity to infuse fluids into the patient's vein. The IV bag is hung above the level of the patient and the fluid flows down through the tubing and into the vein. This is a simple and reliable way to administer fluids. The flow rate can be controlled by using a roller clamp on the tubing to adjust the drip rate.

Infusion Pump

Infusion pumps use an electronic device to deliver fluids intravenously in a controlled manner. The pump can administer very small volumes at precise flow rates. Some infusion pumps have safety features to avoid free-flow, air detection, and occlusion detection. They are programmable for different flow rates and allow more accurate fluid delivery than a basic gravity drip.

Injection Ports

Injection ports allow medications, nutrients, or other fluids to be injected directly into the IV tubing or bag. This allows additional substances to be administered along with the main IV fluid. The ports must be properly disinfected before injections to avoid contamination.

Flow Rates

The rate at which IV fluids are administered depends on the patient's individual needs. Typical flow rates range from around 25 ml/hr for keep-vein-open (KVO) drips up to around 125 ml/hr for fluid replacement. Higher rates may be used for blood transfusions or rapid volume expansion in emergency situations. The flow rate prescribed depends on factors like the patient's age, health status, and clinical indications.

Applications of IV Fluids

Intravenous (IV) fluid therapy can be used to treat a variety of medical conditions that result in dehydration or fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Some of the most common applications of IV fluids include:

Dehydration

Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in. Vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and excessive sweating are common causes of dehydration. IV fluids can help replenish lost water and electrolytes in cases of moderate to severe dehydration, especially if the person is unable to keep fluids down orally.

Blood loss

Significant blood loss, such as from surgery or trauma, can lead to low blood volume and pressure. IV fluids containing electrolytes like sodium and potassium help restore blood volume after severe bleeding.

Burns

Burn injuries cause serious fluid loss and electrolyte imbalances. IV fluids are given to burn victims to replace plasma lost from damaged capillaries and prevent dehydration and shock.

Surgery

Surgical procedures can result in fluid shifts and losses. IV fluids are routinely administered before, during and after surgery to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance. Factors like the patient's fluid status, length of surgery, and amount of blood loss impact the type and amount of IV fluids given.

In summary, IV fluid therapy is an essential treatment for many medical conditions that cause dehydration or electrolyte disturbance. Careful assessment and appropriate administration of IV fluids can help restore fluid balance and physiological function in critically ill or injured patients.

Potential Risks

IV fluid administration does carry some risks that medical professionals should be aware of. The most common risks include:

- **Infection**

- Improper aseptic technique when inserting an IV or contamination of the IV equipment/fluids can lead to infections at the IV site or sepsis. Healthcare workers must follow strict sterile protocols when starting IVs and changing tubing/bags.

- **Air embolism**

- Air bubbles can enter the venous system if air gets in the IV tubing or an air bubble forms in the fluid bag or line. This can block blood vessels and cause serious complications. IV tubing should be primed properly and monitored closely.

- **Fluid overload**

- Getting too much fluid too quickly can lead to fluid accumulating in the lungs or swelling. This is especially dangerous for heart/kidney patients. Fluid amounts and rate should be carefully calculated and monitored.

- **Electrolyte imbalance**

- Some IV fluids can affect electrolyte levels like sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, etc. Imbalances can cause muscle/nerve issues, cardiac arrhythmias, and more. Labs should be checked routinely and fluids adjusted accordingly.

Healthcare providers must be vigilant about IV complications and take steps to prevent issues through proper IV protocols, close monitoring, lab testing, and adjusting care as needed. With careful oversight, the risks of IV fluids can be minimized.

Recent Innovations

The IV fluids market has seen several notable innovations in recent years aimed at improving safety, convenience, and effectiveness. Some key innovations include:

Premixed vs. Compounded Fluids

- Premixed fluids are manufactured, tested, and packaged in their final diluted form. This reduces risks associated with improper compounding. Premixed fluids have become more popular due to their ease of use and improved sterility.

- However, compounded fluids allow for great customization to a patient's needs. With proper sterile compounding techniques, compounded fluids remain an important option. Some facilities are investing in advanced compounding robots and cleanrooms to improve safety.

Flexible Packaging

- Traditional glass IV bottles are being replaced by lightweight, shatter-resistant plastic bags and pouches. Beyond safety improvements, flexible packaging takes up less storage space and allows for new administration methods.

- Some flexible packaging features multiple chambers to separate incompatible additives or innovations like self-regulating infusion pumps. Flexible packaging also has environmental benefits with less waste.

Additive Technologies

- Additives like vitamins, electrolytes, amino acids, and medications can be introduced to IV fluids to meet specific needs. The types and amounts of additives have expanded greatly.

- For example, ready-to-use potassium chloride concentrates can replace compounding while reducing harm from high concentrations. Other additive advances aim to reduce oxidation and contamination risks.

- Overall, innovations in premixed formulas, flexible packaging, and additives are making IV fluids safer, more versatile, and patient-friendly. Further innovations will likely continue advancing IV therapy.

Future Outlook

The future of IV fluid manufacturing looks bright, with several key trends emerging.

Growing Demand

Demand for IV fluids is projected to grow steadily in the coming years. An aging population and rising rates of chronic disease will drive increased utilization of IV fluids in hospitals and clinics. Growth in developing regions where access to healthcare is expanding will also contribute to rising global demand.

Improving Safety

There is a major focus across the industry on improving safety and reducing errors involving IV fluids. This includes innovations in packaging and delivery systems to prevent contamination and mix-ups, as well as technologies like barcodes and smart pumps to verify the correct fluid is being administered. Regulators are also pushing for stricter quality control during manufacturing.

Cost Analysis

Healthcare systems are under pressure to reduce costs, and IV fluids represent a significant expenditure category. Manufacturing and supply chain efficiencies, standardized treatment protocols, and use of lower-cost generic fluids may help address cost concerns. However, patient safety must remain the top priority.

Supply Chain Issues

Recent shortages of IV fluids highlight vulnerabilities in the supply chain. Consolidation among manufacturers, problems at production facilities, and disruptions from natural disasters can all impact availability. Diversifying sources of raw materials and manufacturing locations, increased inventory buffers, and improved contingency plans will be important to ensure stability of supply.

Product List - Liquid Injections


Product NameStrength
Vitamin B1 injection 100mg: 2ml
Vitamin B6 Injection 0.1g: 2ml
Vitamin B12 injection 0.5mg:1ml
VIT-B Complex injection 2ml
Tri B-inj B1-100mg+B2-100mg+B12-1000mcg 3ml
Vitamin C injection 0.5g:2ml
VITAMIN K1 injection 10mg:1ml
Dexamethasone Na phosphate injection 4mg: 1ml
Dexamethasone Na phosphate injection 8mg: 2ml
Diclofenac Sodium Injection 75mg:3ml
Metoclopramide hydrochloride injection 10mg:2ml
Metoclopramide hydrochloride injection 5mg:1ml
Iron Sucrose IV Injection 100mg:5ml
Iron Dextran Injection 100mg:2ml
Promethazine Hydrochloride Injection 50mg:2ml
Gentamycin sulfate injection 40mg:2ml
Gentamycin sulfate injection 80mg:2ml
Furosemide Injection 20mg:2ml
Aminophylline Injection 250mg:10ml
Paracetamol injection 150mg:1ml
Paracetamol injection 300mg:2ml
Paracetamol injection 500mg:4ml
Paracetamol injection 600mg:4ml
Paracetamol injection 750mg:5ml
Diazepam injection 5mg/1ml
Diazepam injection 10mg:2ml
Diazepam injection 5mg/1ml
Diazepam injection 10mg:2ml
Oxytocin Injection 5 iu/1ml
Oxytocin Injection 10 iu / 1ml
Chlorphenamine Maleate Injection 10mg:1ml
Hyoscine Butylbromide(Buscopan)Injection 20mg:1ml
Lidocaine Hydrochloride injection 10ml:0.2g
Methotrexate for Injection 50mg:2ml
ENOXAPARIN SODIUM Prefilled syringe 40MG/0.4ML
ENOXAPARIN SODIUM Prefilled syringe 60MG/0.6ML
ENOXAPARIN SODIUM Prefilled syringe 80MG/0.8ML
Adrenaline(Epinephrine HCL)Injection 1mg:1ml
Testosterone 250mg:1ml 250mg:1ml

Product List - Vial Injections

Product Name Strength
Omeprazol 40 mg IV VIAL 10ml or 5ml
Pantoprazole Sodium for Injection 40mg
Lansoprazole for Injection 30 mg
Ceftriaxone 1gm/10ml IV VIAL +10ml water
Ceftriaxone 1gm/10ml VIAL +Lidocain 1%
Ceftriaxone IM/IV VIAL 500mg/15 ml
Ampicillin Na VIAL 0.5 g/Vial
Ampicillin Na VIAL 1g/Vial
Cefotaxime Sodium for VIAL 1g/Vial
Ceftazidime For I.M/I.V VIAL 1g/Vial
Cefepime For I.M/I.V VIAL 1g/Vial
Meropenem VIAL Injection 1g/20ml/Vial
Procaine Penicillin(0.4mega/7ml) 400.000 U/7ml
Procaine Penicillin(0.6mega/7ml) 600.000 U/7ml
Procaine Penicillin(1.2mega/7ml) 800.000 U/7ml
Procaine Penicillin (0.8mega/7ml) 1200.000 U/7ml
Benzathine Penicillin for Injection 1.2mega/7ml
Vancomycin Hcl injection 500mg 500mg/Vial
Vancomycin Hcl injection 500mg 1g/Vial
Heparin Sodium Injection 5ml:5000 units
Heparin Sodium Injection 5ml:25000 units
Amoxicillin Na and Clavulanate Potassium for Inj(augmentin) G Powder 1.2
Amoxicillin Na and Clavulanate Potassium for Inj(augmentin) G Powder 0.6
lyophilized Hydrocortisone Na Succinate 3ml:0.1gm
aseptic lyophilized Hydrocortisone Na Succinate 7m:0.1gm
Phenobarbital Sodium Injection 1ml:0.1g
Piperacillin Sodium and Tazobactam Na for Inj 4.5g

Product List - IV INFUSION

Product Name Strength
Paracetamol 1G IV infusion 100ml glass bottle
Metronidazole 500mg IV infusion 100ml glass bottle
Ciprofloxacine 200mg IV infusion 20ml plastic bottle
0.9% Na Chloride IV Inj 500ml plastic bottle
5% Glucose Injection 250ml:12.5g,500ml:25g
10% Glucose Injection 250ml:12.5g,500ml:25g
Sodium Lactate Ringer`s Inj 500ml Plastic Bottle
5% Glu + 0.9% Na Chlorid inj 250ml: Glu 12.5g,NaCl 2.25g
5% Glu + 0.9% Na Chlorid inj 500ml: Glu 25g,NaCl 4.5g
10% Glu + 0.9% Na Chlorid inj 250ml: Glu 25g,NaCl 2.25g
10% Glu + 0.9% Na Chlorid inj 500ml: Glu 50g,NaCl 4.5g
Mannitol injection 250ml:50g P Bottle

Product List - SYRUP

Product Name Strength
Amoxicillin 125mg + Clavulanic Acid 31.5mg 100 ml glass Bottle
Amoxicillin 250mg + Clavulanic Acid 62.5mg 100 ml glass Bottle
Amoxicillin 400mg + Clavulanic Acid 75mg 100 ml glass Bottle
Azithromycine 100mg 15ml 1bottle/Box
Metronidazole 125mg 100 ml glass Bottle
Metronidazole 250mg 100 ml glass Bottle
Amoxicillin 125 mg 100 ml glass Bottle
Amoxicillin 250 mg 100 ml glass Bottle
Paracetamol syrup 250mg/5ml 250mg/5ml syrup
Ibuprofen Dry Suspension 100mg/5ml 100ml Suspension

Product List - TABLETS

Product Name Strength
Azithromycine 500mg Tab(3 tabs) 3 tablets X 1 blister
Metronidazole 500mg Tab(14 tabs) 7 tablets X 2 blisters
Ciprofloxacine 500mg TAB(10 tabs) 10 tablets X 1 blister
Amoxicillin 250mg + Clavulanic Acid 125mg(14 tabs) 7 tablets x 2 blister
Amoxicillin 500mg + Clavulanic Acid 125mg(14 tabs) 7 tablets x 2 blister
Amoxicillin 875mg + Clavulanic Acid 125mg(14 tabs) 7 tablets x 2 blister
Nitrofurantoin 100mg Tablets 10 tablets X 1 blister
Aspirin Enteric-coated 500mg 10 tablets X 1 blister
Paracetamol 500mg 10 tablets X 1 blister
Ibuprofen 400mg 10 tablets X 1 blister
Diclofenac Na 400mg 10 tablets X 1 blister
Diclofenac 50mg + Paracetamol 500mg 10 tablets X 1 blister
Folic acid 5mg Tab 10 tablets X 1 blister
Ciprofloxacin Tablets 10 tablets X 1 blister
Doxycycline 100mg Tab 10 tablets X 1 blister
Meloxicam 15mg Tab 10 tablets X 2 blisters
Fluconazole 150mg Tab 10 tablets X 2 blisters
Simvastatin 40mg Tab 10 tablets X 2 blisters
Prednisolone 5mg Tab 10 tablets X 2 blisters
Spiramycin 750,000 unit Tab 10 tablets X 2 blisters
Spiramycin 1,500,000 unit Tab 10 tablets X 2 blisters

Product List - CAPSULES

Product Name Strength
Amoxicillin 500mg(16 Capsules) 8 cap X 2 blisters
Ampicillin Capsules 10 cap X 2 blisters
Cloxacillin Na Capsules 10 cap X 2 blisters
Piroxicam Capsule 10 cap X 2 blisters
Tetracyline 250 mg Capsule 10 cap X 2 blisters
Oxytetracycline 250mg Capsule 10 cap X 2 blisters
Spiramycin 375,000 unit Cap 10 cap X 2 blisters
Indomethacin 25mg Capsule 10 cap X 2 blisters

Product List - Suppository

Product Name Strength
Paracetamol 125mg suppository 5 Supp x 2 blister
Paracetamol 250mg suppository 5 Supp x 2 blister
Policresulen Vaginal 90mg Suppository 4 Supp x 2 blister
Chlorhexidine Acetate 20mg Supp 5 Supp x 2 blister
Miconazole Nitrate Vaginal 100mg Supp 5 Supp x 2 blister
Clotrimazole Vaginal 150mg Supp 5 Supp x 2 blister
Metronidazole Vaginal 500mg Supp 5 Supp x 2 blister
Indomethacin 500mg Supp 5 Supp x 2 blister